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Level 8
Linguistic content and examples

Linguistic content and examples

Level 8 (in addition to levels 1–7)

This section iillustrates the kind of language and the expected degree of difficulty for level 8. The examples do not form a comprehensive list for this level, but rather are an exemplification of the language focus for the level.

Verbs

Historic present	Homines eunt in curiam provocantque magistratus.
Inceptive imperfect	Hostes nostros progredi prohibebant.
Subjunctive – independent uses: jussive optative deliberative potential	Vivamus atque amemus. beatus sis; utinam veniant! Quid faciam? velim veniat; Nihil respondit: putares eum non audivisse.
Gerund: in genitive case	scribendi causa
Gerundive: gerundival attraction gerundive with intransitive verbs	libri scribendi causa; amicos videndi causa Regi a nobis parendum est.
Infinitives with impersonal verbs	Mihi licet discedere.
Historic infinitive	tum omnes desperare, in vias ruere, clamare, huc illuc currere
Supine: ablative with adjectives accusative expressing purpose	mirabile dictu legati pacem petitum venerunt
Passive of intransitive verbs	pugnatum est; ad urbem pervenitur

Cases

Accusative: respect (in poetry)	tandem progreditur … Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo.
Genitive: value	Quanti hoc est? Amicos plurimi faciebas.
Dative: advantage disadvantage/deprivation	Hoc tibi faciendum fuit. Illi morbus amorem abstulit.
Ablative: measure of difference respect price	Multo altior quam fratre est. Et corde et genibus tremit. Togam centum sestertiis emi.

Subordinate adjectival clauses

Relative clauses with subjunctive (generic) expressing result	Nemo tam stultus erat qui illud crederet.

Subordinate adverbial clauses

Cause: alleged reason with the subjunctive	Domi mansit, quod aeger esset.
Concession: cum with subjunctive	Cum puer adhuc esset, tamen multa fecerat.
Condition: with subjunctive	Si venisset, nos adiuvisset.
Time: ut and cum with indicative	Ut Caesar cecidit, magnus clamor orsus est.

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